Since January 13, more than 500 million people by February 14th from around the globe have converged at the Maha Kumbh Mela (Maha Kumbh Fair) in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
This massive event showcases a powerful synergy of faith and celebration. The fair is a grand assembly of rituals, with the bathing ceremony standing out as the most significant. It is undeniably the largest human gathering on Earth, commanding global attention.
The year 2025 signifies a rare celestial alignment, making this Kumbh Mela (Fair) a once-in-144-year event that cannot be missed.
At the Triveni Sangam, where three major rivers meet, millions of pilgrims come together to participate in this sacred practice. This tradition is rooted in the profound belief that immersing oneself in the holy waters cleanses sins, frees both the individual and their ancestors from the cycle of rebirth, and ultimately grants Moksha, or spiritual liberation.
India anticipates a staggering total of 650 million attendees for this fair, and the influx expected for the 2025 Maha Kumbh (Fair) will be truly monumental.
People from all corners of the world, representing diverse walks of life, will gather to witness this extraordinary event that promises to be both enlightening and exhilarating.
This is an experience no one will want to miss.
What is the Kumbh Mela (Fair)?
The Kumbh Mela stands as one of the most profound pilgrimages for Hindus, taking place along the banks of India’s revered sacred rivers.
Jupiter holds a crucial position in determining the timing and significance of the Kumbh Mela, one of the most sacred events in Hinduism.
With an orbit of approximately 12 years around the sun, Jupiter establishes the framework for the Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair). This monumental gathering transpires when the sun, moon, and Jupiter align in a powerful astrological configuration, marking it as a time of immense spiritual significance.
This magnificent event occurs when Jupiter enters specific zodiac signs and aligns with the sun and moon in precise astrological configurations. These moments mark the holiest period in Hindu tradition, as determined by the Hindu calendar.
The resulting celestial alignments are believed to generate powerful and auspicious energies, creating an ideal time for spiritual purification and renewal.
Many people often confuse the Kumbh Mela (fair) with the Maha Kumbh Mela (fair).
How The Kumbh Mela (Fair) started?
Rooted in rich Hindu scriptures, the Kumbh Mela (Fair) traces its origins to the Sagar Manthan.
Sagar Manthan is the churning of the ocean. The churning of the ocean was done by both gods and demons in a fierce struggle for the Amrit, the nectar of immortality.
The story states that Lord Vishnu was carrying a Kumbh (pot) of Amrit (nectar), when a scuffle broke out and four drops were spilled. They fell to earth at the four Tirthas of Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nasik and Ujjain.
A Tirtha is a place where the devout can attain salvation.
The event is commemorated every three years by the Kumbh Mela (Fair), held at each Tirtha in turn; the Sangam is known as Tirtharaj, the ‘King of Tirthas’ and here the Kumbh is held once in every twelve years, which is the greatest and holiest of all.
The Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) is the largest religious congregation in India, attended by millions. The over month-long fair is marked by the construction of a massive tented township, complete with cottages, huts, platforms, civic facilities, administrative and security measures. It is organized immaculately by the government, the local authorities and the police.
The Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) is especially renowned for the presence of an extraordinary array of religious ascetics – sadhus and mahants – enticed from remote hideaways in forests, mountains and caves.
Once astrologers have determined the propitious bathing time or Kumbhayog, the first to hit the water is by legions of Naga Sadhus or Naga Babas, who cover their naked bodies with ash and wear hair in long dreadlocks. The sadhus, who see themselves as guardians of the faith, approach the confluence at the scheduled time with all the pomp and bravado of a charging army. The last Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) was held in 2013.
During this cosmic battle, precious droplets of this divine elixir rained upon four sacred sites in India: Nashik, Ujjain, Haridwar, and Prayagraj (formerly known as Allahabad).
Devotees taking holy dip in Sangam. Photo Credit: AFP
Where is the Kumbh Mela (Fair) held?
These hallowed locations, where rivers converge, become a sanctuary for millions seeking solace and salvation.
The event rotates among the revered towns of Nashik (nestled on the banks of the Godavari), Ujjain (along the Shipra), Haridwar (beside the Ganga), and Prayagraj (at the Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and the legendary Saraswati).
It is believed that a sacred dip in these holy waters washes away the burdens of countless lifetimes, liberating individuals from the shackles of karma and granting moksha—the ultimate liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
In Maharashtra: In the town of Nashik on the river Godavari
In Uttarakhand: In the town of Haridwar on the river Ganges
In Madhya Pradesh: In the town of Ujjain on the river Shipra
In Uttar Pradesh: In the town of Prayagraj on the rare confluence of the rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati.
When is the Kumbh Mela (Fair) held?
To clarify, the Kumbh Mela can be likened to a regular concert tour that takes place every three years, rotating among four revered cities. Meanwhile, the Maha Kumbh Mela is akin to a world tour: a monumental gathering occurring once every 12 years, always hosted in the sacred city of Prayagraj. It is regarded as the most auspicious and transformative gathering, offering unparalleled spiritual rejuvenation and enlightenment to all who partake.
Celebrated every three years, the Kumbh Mela draws pilgrims from all corners of the globe to these sacred cities.
Why do people come to the Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair)?
Saints, yoga enthusiasts, travellers, photographers, and spiritual seekers from every corner of the globe converge upon the Maha Kumbh Mela (fair) for a multitude of reasons. For countless individuals, this gathering is not merely an event; it is a transformative spiritual pilgrimage. Many believe that immersing themselves in the sacred waters during this auspicious time cleanses their sins and paves the way for spiritual liberation. Others are drawn to the festival’s exhilarating cultural performances, mesmerizing displays of folk art, and the delightful offerings of traditional cuisine, all of which provide an unparalleled opportunity to immerse themselves in the vibrant essence of Indian culture.
The Kumbh Mela also offers a rare chance to connect with sadhus and holy men who embody austere lifestyles, allowing participants to glimpse ancient spiritual traditions still alive today. The magnificent Shahi Snans (Royal Bath), the enigmatic presence of Naga Sadhus, and enriching experiences like yoga and cultural performances create an extraordinary and unforgettable journey.
Naga Sadhus returning from bathing. Source : Getty Picture
What are Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) Rituals?
The ritual bath for cleansing one’s soul is the most important aspect of rituals in Kumbh Mela. The devout Hindus believe that taking a dip in the sacred river on the most auspicious day of the new moon will forgive their sins, thereby terminating the cycle of birth and death. Right from 3 o’ clock in the morning, the pilgrims start assembling in lines
The other rituals include devotional singing, religious assemblies, mass-feeding and debates on religious doctrines. The order of entering into the sacred river is already fixed. The Naga Sadhus (who do not wear cloth, their forehead is smeared with ash and they are not affected by material possessions) enter first. They are followed by others.
What One Witnessed in the Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair)?
The below rituals are seen while one visit Maha Kumbh Mela (fair).
- Shahi Shnan (Royal bath)
Central to the Maha Kumbh Mela experience is the ritualistic act of bathing in the sacred waters of the River Ganga, called the “Shahi Shnan”.
It signifies spiritual purification, a symbolic act of cleansing the body and freeing the soul from the cycle of birth and death. This year, the Shahi Shnan dates are:-
- January 13
Purnima (Full moon) also fall January 13th. This Purnima is also known as Paush Purnima. Paush Purnima is the Full Moon day of the Hindu month of Paush.
- January 14
On this day festival Makar Sankranti is also celebrated. This day marks the beginning when the Sun transitions into longer days. It is also called the harvest festival.
- January 29
On this day falls Mauni Amavasya. Mauni means “Of or For Silence”, and Amavasya means “No-Moon Day”. It occurs on the no-moon day of the Maagha month in the Hindu calendar when sun and moon are both supposed to enter the sign of Capricorn.
- February 3
On this day falls the festival of Basant Panchami. This is the Hindu festival that translates to “Fifth Day of Spring“. It’s celebrated in the spring and marks the end of winter.
- February 26
On this day falls the festival of Maha Shivratri. This festival is the celebration of Lord Shiva and literally translates as “The Great Night of Shiva.” Worship services occur all day however the main pujas occur either once in the evening or four times that spans the entire night. This day is also celebrated as the “God of Transformation”.
A Sadhu blows a conch shell while bathing in the Ganges. Source : Getty Images
- Colourful Processions By the Akharas
Central to this grand spectacle are the Akharas.
Akhara also known as Akhada is a place of practice with facilities for boarding, lodging and training, both in the context of Indian martial artists or a Sampradaya Monastery for religious renunciates in Guru–shishya (Teacher-Student) tradition.
Akhara also serve as spiritual fraternities of sadhus, each with its distinct traditions, philosophies, and rituals. They stand as pillars of the Kumbh Mela, showcasing their unique identities through the awe-inspiring procession known as ‘Peshwai.’
In this vibrant display, they parade on horses, elephant-back, and in grand chariots, adorned in shining armour while their chants and the rhythmic beats of traditional instruments resonate through the air, captivating the hearts of large crowds of spectators.
The Akharas represent three primary sects:
- Shaiva (devotees of Lord Shiva),
- Vaishnava (followers of Lord Vishnu), and
- Udasin (followers of Sikhism and Guru Nanak Dev).
Each sect enriches this grand celebration with its unique essence, creating a kaleidoscope of spirituality and cultural richness that is truly mesmerizing.
Thirteen Akharas, representing diverse Hindu monastic orders, are participating in Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair), each contributing their unique essence to this sacred gathering.
Among them, the Kinnar Akhara stands out as a powerful symbol of inclusivity, representing the non-gender community. Their historic debut at the Kumbh Mela in 2019 marked a significant step forward in embracing marginalized groups within this age-old tradition.
The Naga Akharas, revered as fierce warriors of Lord Shiva, command unparalleled respect and attention during the festival. Leading the grand processions, these dreadlocked mystics embody an austere lifestyle, don minimal clothing, and showcase their dramatic appearance, often adorned with ash and brandishing tridents and other traditional weapons. Their processions are not just a highlight; they captivate the largest crowds, radiating a raw, untamed energy that enhances the vibrancy of the festivities.
- Spiritual Discourses
The Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) transcends mere visual spectacle; it is an unparalleled platform for profound spiritual exploration.
Esteemed scholars, spiritual leaders, and yogis share invaluable insights into ancient philosophies, meditation techniques, and the deeper meanings of existence. Attendees are invited to engage in enlightening discourses and immerse themselves in an atmosphere buzzing with spiritual awakening.
This is not just an event—it’s a transformative journey into the heart of Indian spirituality. Keep an eye on the website for further details and be part of this extraordinary celebration.
- Yoga and Meditation Sessions
Beyond the ritual baths, the Maha Kumbh Mela stands as a true sanctuary for the soul. Visitors are empowered to engage in transformative yoga sessions and meditative practices led by renowned instructors. Luxury campsites prominently feature these enriching experiences, ensuring that attendees receive the best the festival has to offer.
- Cultural Performances
This vibrant festival is a breath-taking display of traditional folk dances and powerful theatrical representations of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, creating a dynamic tapestry of sights, sounds, and rhythms. Each evening, participants are treated to the grandeur of the Ganga Aarti along the ghats (river bank), the exhilarating performances of street artists, and the exceptional craftsmanship of local artisans
Aerial view of Tents. Photo Credit: PTI
Massive Arrangements at the Maha-Kumbh Fair
To effectively manage the immense crowds, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister has implemented decisive crowd-control measures, including ‘Bhula-Bhatka’ (Lost) camps, police assistance centres, and the strategic deployment of personnel on specially constructed watchtowers throughout the Mela. These camps offer dedicated sections for lost women and children, along with ‘Khoya-Paya’ (Lost and Found) centers equipped with advanced digital tools and social media resources.
Loudspeakers line the Ghats (river bank) , continuously announcing names of missing persons to ensure swift reunions. Furthermore, police and civil defence personnel are actively present and ready to assist pilgrims throughout the event.
To help devotees, special arrangements including floating police chowki (police posts), 150000 tents, drones, and 2,700 cameras with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities have been deployed.
Maha Kumbh Mela is equipped with 3,000 kitchens, 145,000 restrooms and 99 parking lots.
A team of 56 cyber warriors will monitor online threats and cyber help desks have been set up in all police stations in the city.
Over 10,000 personnel associated with local police stations and paramilitary forces have been deployed for the Maha Kumbh, Dwivedi an Indian official said.
Speaking on the security arrangements for the Maha Kumbh, he said that the police were keeping a watch on miscreants to ensure the safety of the devotees taking a dip in the holy Sangam.
“We have engaged personnel from the local police stations, paramilitary and civil police. The Special Forces have also been deployed. We are keeping a watch on everything so that no miscreant can create problems for the devotees. We have also deployed mounted police. We have deployed nearly 50,000 personnel he added[1].
Horses worth 15 Million rupees have been deployed by the Patrolling Police (Mounted Police) to beef up the security at the Maha Kumbh Fair (Mela) grounds.
A total of five American Warmblood (breed) horses have been brought, as they are distinct because of their speciality in sensing danger from a distance and ensuring swift protective action.
Sah’AI’yak Chatbot has been designed to provide real-time guidance and updates to devotees attending the Maha Kumbh Mela.
Many Seers who visited Maha Kumbh Mela
Many visuals showed the seer riding into the Maha Kumbh tent city on a Harley Davidson motorcycle.
Another seer known as “Splendor Baba” undertook a 14-day journey from state of Gujarat on a three-wheeler motorcycle, according to news agency ANI.
Another Chabhi wale Baba, meanwhile, roams around with a 20 kg key.
Chhotu Baba, who has not taken a bath in 32 years, arrived at the tent city from Assam’s Kamakhya Peeth. The 57-year-old has become the centre of attraction in Maha Kumbh Mela due to his height, which is three feet. “I am 3 feet 8 inches. I am 57 years old. I am very happy to come here. This is Milan Mela. Soul to soul should be connected. You people are here and I am happy in that also,” he added. He, however, will not join millions of pilgrims in taking a dip in the Ganga. “I do not take a bath because I have a wish which has not been fulfilled in the last 32 years. I will not take a bath in the Ganga,” he told PTI.
One of the seers , “Rabri Baba“ arrived at the Maha Kumbh in his 50-year-old Ambassador car, the only worldly belonging he has not given up.
Another seer has kept his hand raised for nine years and his nails are longer than his fingers.
With the message of planting trees, Acharya Mahamandaleshwar Aruna Giri or Environment Baba also arrived at the tent city.
Devotees from America, Europe and Asia visited Maha Khumbh Mela
A group of pilgrims comprise foreign tourists, soaking in the spiritual fervour at the world’s largest gathering of humans.
Men and women devotees from France, USA, South Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Brazil, Spain and other countries also took the holy dip in the sacred waters of the Sangam on the occasion of ‘Paush Purnima’ along with millions of devotees from different part of the country.
While some of the foreigners were drawn to the Maha Kumbh to experience its vastness and also out of curiosity, many others were simply mesmerised by the presence of such a large gathering at one place and the religious fervour at the Fair.
Former US Army soldier-turned-ascetic. Source NDTV
Michael, a former US Army soldier-turned-ascetic now known as ‘Baba Mokshapuri’, shared his journey of transformation. “I was an ordinary man with a family and career. But I realised that nothing in life is permanent, so I embarked on a quest for salvation,” he said. Associated with the Juna Akhara, Michael has dedicated his life to propagating Sanatan Dharma / Hinduism.
From South Korean YouTubers filming the festival to Japanese tourists keenly learning about the traditions alongside European pilgrims, overseas visitors were seen to be in awe of the religious festival.
Brazilian yoga practitioner Shiku, a first-timer at Maha Kumbh in search of ‘moksha’, said, “India is the spiritual heart of the world. What makes this Maha Kumbh even more special is that it is happening after 144 years. I feel so lucky to be here. Jai Shri Ram.”
‘’The water is freezing but our hearts are filled with warmth,’’ said Francisco, who had come from Brazil.
For Melanie, a journalist from France, the Maha Kumbh is about unanticipated thrill[2].
‘’It’s a unique experience for me….I am here for the first time…it is difficult to believe that such a huge number of people have come here to take bath in the Sangam….one has to see it to believe it,’’ remarked a woman who had come from Russia. She also took the holy dip at Sangam.
Expressing similar sentiments, Claudia, a Polish national, said that she had never imagined that she would get such an experience. Claudia, who also took the holy dip at the Sangam, plans to take bath on the occasion of Makar Sankranti.
Penelope, a visitor from Greece, shared her emotional connection to the event, saying, “My yoga journey began 20 years ago, but I hadn’t heard about Maha Kumbh back then due to limited social media. This is my first experience here, and I feel it’s due to some good karma. The immense crowd is overwhelming yet inspiring, and the event is so festive, colorful, and blissful. The arrangements and security are remarkable, making this a truly unique experience.”
A pilgrim from Belgium described the atmosphere as “peaceful and pulsing with energy,” adding, “Even with such a large crowd, the Kumbh Mela feels vibrant and uplifting. The energy here is incredible, and I’m thrilled to be part of it[3]. “
Celebrities from around the world attended Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair)
The Maha Kumbh Mela attracted numerous high-profile celebrities across the worlds that are eager to partake in its sacred rituals.
Among the Bollywood luminaries present were Mamata Kulkarni, Rajkummar Rao, Vicky Kaushal, and Ranbir Kapoor with wife Alia Bhatt, Hema Malini, Patralekhaa, Anupam Kher, and many more alongside international icons like Richard Gere, Chris Martin and Dakota Johnson.
Laurene Powell Jobs with her guru, Swami Kailashnand Giri. Source: Economic Times
A standout attendee was Laurene Powell Jobs, the esteemed American billionaire businesswoman, executive, and philanthropist, who is widow of the late Steve Jobs. She graced the ashram of her guru, Swami Kailashnand Giri, the revered Acharya Mahamandleshwar of Niranjini Akhara, in Prayagraj. Laurene’s commitment to this spiritual journey was evident as she immersed herself in the experience, staying until January 15 before making her way back to the United States for the swearing-in ceremony of UP President-elect Donald Trump. In 2025, she returned to the Kumbh festival with a substantial entourage, fully embracing the Kalpvas austerities at Niranjini Akhara and honoring India’s rich spiritual heritage.
The event has also welcomed other prominent Hollywood figures, such as Richard Gere and David Lynch, underscoring its significance as a global spiritual landmark, as reported by Reuters.
Coldplay frontman Chris Martin immersed him in Indian culture while he was in India for his multi-city Music of the Spheres tour. He travelled to Prayagraj for the Maha Kumbh with his girlfriend, actress Dakota Johnson. The two were seen taking a dip and paying their respects.
Mamta Kulkarni, the Bollywood diva of the ’90s has made an unexpected spiritual comeback. Appointed the Mahamandleshwar of the Kinnar Akhada, Mamta performed a pind daan at Triveni Sangam, marking a significant new chapter in her life.
Veteran actor Anupam Kher expressed his admiration for the Kumbh Mela, calling it a “remarkable event.” He also thanked Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath for the successful and safe organization of the festival.
Actor and comedian Sunil Grover offered prayers at Maha Kumbh. In an Instagram post, he shared a video of himself taking a dip in the river. He captioned the post, “Divine to be here at the Mahakumbh 2025. Feeling blessed to take a much-awaited dip. So many Sadhu, Sant, Rishi, Muni, Mahatma have been coming here for thousands of years in the same water. I feel full, complete. Gratitude to each and everyone who helped me to reach here. Jai ho!”
Bollywood’s beloved couple Rajkumar Rao and Patralekhaa attended the Maha Kumbh together. They took a dip in the Sangam river alongside yogini Ira Trivedi and Pujya Bhagawati Saraswati.
Model and actor Milind Soman and his wife Ankita Konwar visited Maha Kumbh on Mauni Amavasya. They took a dip in the holy Ganga.
Actor Vijay Deverakonda was seen taking a dip in the Sangam river at Maha Kumbh. He was joined by his mother Deverakonda Madhavi.
Bollywood choreographer and filmmaker Remo D’Souza made his way to Maha Kumbh. He was seen wearing a black ensemble and covered his face with a scarf before taking a dip in Ganga.
Actress Adah Sharma didn’t just visit the fair, she also recited the Shiv Tandav Stotram on stage. She documented her experience with photos and video which she posted with the caption, “As actors we are almost always in front of the camera, and clicking pictures at events or just irrespective of our professions, documenting life . For the past 2 years I’ve tried being conscious about living in the moment(mostly) This was my first time at the Maha Kumbh so I decided to savor the moment and fought the urge to chronicle every experience .
Singer and songwriter Guru Randhawa shared a glimpse of his Maha Kumbh visit. He took to his social media handle and described his experience saying, “Blessed to take a sacred dip in Maa Ganga at Prayagraj, where faith flows and spirituality thrives. Starting my new journey with God’s blessing. Har Har Gange!”
Actress and politician Hema Malini also made her way to the Maha Kumbh. In a quote to a leading news portal, she shared that she hasn’t had such an experience before.
Shankar Mahadevan renowned playback singer joined the crowd, adding a melodic note to the spiritual gathering.
Gautam Adani, the billionaire industrialist visited Triveni Sangam with his family to offer prayers. His presence highlighted the blend of spirituality and power at the Kumbh.
Sudha Murthy, the philanthropist and Member of Parliament participated in the Kumbh, performing tarpan and taking a holy dip at Triveni Sangam. She praised the efforts of CM Yogi Adityanath in organizing the event.
Delegates of Foreign Diplomats visit Maha Kumbh Mela
Not only celebrities, many foreign dignitaries also attended Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj, India, which include Diplomats and Ambassadors.
The King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, paid a special visit to India to attend the Maha Kumbh Mela.
UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath meets members of diplomatic delegataion during of Kumbh Mela 2025 festival, in Prayagraj. Source: Deccan Herald
Lithuanian Ambassador, Diana Mickeviciene who called the event “a pleasure for the soul”
Japanese Ambassador Keiichi Ono who praised the event’s arrangements
Representatives from many countries Including Fiji, Finland, Guyana, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, and UAE also visit Maha Khumb.
In the first week of February, Chief Minister Yoginath welcomed 118-member diplomatic delegation represented 77 countries, including Heads of Mission (HoMs), diplomats, and their spouses. After treating them to a daylong tour of the Maha Kumbh Nagar, with special ride to Sangam, the CM met the guests in the evening and familiarized them with the significance of Maha Kumbh and Prayagraj, praising the event’s spiritual energy and India’s cultural heritage.
Diplomats from the U.S., Australia, Russia, France, Germany, Canada, Gulf nations, and African countries attended Maha Kumbh Mela and described the fare as a “living testament to faith” and emphasised its role in fostering global unity.
Over 82 countries sent media teams to document the event which in itself says about Maha Kumbh.
How Maha Kumbh Mela Impact the Indian Economy
Maha Kumbh Mela (Fair) was projected to generate up to 27 billion dollars (2 lakh crore) in economic growth for Uttar Pradesh. According to estimates, the event may generate 27 billion dollars (Rs 2 lakh crore) if each of 400 million visitors spends an average of 65$ (Rs 5,000).
The news agency IANS, citing industry estimates, said the average expenditure per person could rise to even 130$ (Rs 10,000) and the total economic impact could reach 54 billion dollars (Rs 4 lakh crore). It is also expected to boost both nominal and real GDP by over 1 per cent.
However, already 500 million visitors by February 14th have visited the fair and an estimate of 35 billion dollars has been generated so far.
Conclusion
The Kumbh Mela is “widely regarded as the world’s largest religious gathering”, states James Lochtefeld, who is a American Professor and currently is serving as Chair of Religion at Carthage College, and a founding member of the College’s Asian Studies program. Lochtefeld earned his B.A. from Colgate University, M.T.S. from Harvard Divinity School, M.A. from the University of Washington, and his M. Phil. and Ph.D. from Columbia University.
According to Kama Maclean, the coordinators and attendees themselves state that a part of the glory of the Kumbh festival is in that “feeling of brotherhood and love” where millions peacefully gather on the river banks in harmony and a sense of shared heritage. Kama Maclean is Associate Professor of South Asian and World History at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney. She has been, since 2011, Editor in Chief of South Asia for the Journal of South Asian Studies.
In modern religious and psychological theory, the Kumbh Mela exemplifies French socialist Émile Durkheim’s concept of collective effervescence. This phenomenon occurs when individuals gather in shared rituals, fostering a profound sense of unity and belonging. The collective energy generated during the Mela strengthens social bonds and elevates individual and communal consciousness, illustrating the power of such gatherings to create shared identity and purpose.
[1] Maha Kumbh 2025: Over 10,000 Police Personnel Deployed In Uttar Pradesh
[2] Seer Enters Maha Kumbh On Harley Davidson, Attendees Add Colour To Mega Event
[3] “Here because of past good karma”: Foreign pilgrims praise Maha Kumbh Mela 2025’s vibrancy and grandeur
